Valley State Research Review (VSRR) is the official annual peer-reviewed journal of Valley State College (VSC), published by the Research Management Cell (RMC). It provides a multidisciplinary platform for scholars and professionals to share original, high-quality research. VSRR follows a strict peer-review process and adheres to ethical publishing standards under a Creative Commons license, with copyright retained by authors. The publication begins with a call for papers announced via official channels. Submitted manuscripts undergo initial screening for relevance and plagiarism, followed by blind peer review. Authors revise based on reviewer feedback, and final decisions are made by the Chief Editor. The Managing Editor coordinates the final publication process. Patron Baburam Khanal Principal, Valley State College, Chitwan Journal Advisory Board Prof. Dr. Hari Bhandari, Chairman, Valley State College, Chitwan Prof. Dr. Deepak Bahadur Bhandari, Registrar, Pokhara University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Daya Raj Dhakal, Dean, Pokhara University Prof. Dr. Dipak Raj Poudel, Pokhara University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Namaraj Dhami, Research Director, Pokhara University Prof. Fr. Kuruvilla Pandikattu SJ, XLRI, Jhamshedpur, India Prof. Dr. Asha Bhandarker, Prof. and Dean (Fmr.): IMI-Delhi, MDI Gurngaon Prof. Dr. Thriveni Kumari, Delhi School of Business, India Prof. Dr. Sitaram Bahadur Thapa, Tribhuwan University Prof. Dr. Shyamali Satpathy, Dean, Academics, AIMT, Greater Noida, India Prof. Dr. Anjay Kumar Mishra, Dean, Madhes University Prof. Indranil Gupta, XLRI/BrandNew Associates, India Assoc. Prof. Dr. Md. Shakhawat Hossain, University of Barishal, Bangladesh Assoc. Prof. Saloni Sinha, BIMTECH, Greater Noida, India Dr. Sr. Alice Thomas, Principal, SPIPS, Indore, India Editor-in-Chief Dr. Madhusudan Lamichhane Assoc. Prof., Valley State College, Chitwan https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=N0m82x8AAAAJ&hl=en chiefeditior@valleystatecollege.edu.np https://orcid.org/0009-006-8578-9048 Managing Editor Mr. Sarad Chandra Kafle Asst. Prof., Tribhuwan University https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=kTOoTrgAAAAJ&hl=en https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6346-2878
Research Management Cell, Valley State College, Bharatpur, Nepal
Valley State Research Review © 2026 by Research Management Cell, Valley State College, Bharatpur-10, Chitwan is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0
Organizational Silence and Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Nurses in Nepal: The Mediating Role of Perceived Organizational Support
This study examines the impact of organizational silence (OS) on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among nurses in Nepal, with perceived organizational support (POS) as a mediator. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey was conducted with 260 nurses from various healthcare facilities in Nepal. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) via SmartPLS4. The findings reveal that organizational silence has a significant negative effect on organizational citizenship behavior (β = -0.557, p < 0.001). However, perceived organizational support did not mediate this relationship, nor did it show a statistically significant relationship with OS or OCB. This is among the first studies to investigate the OS-OCB relationship in the Nepalese nursing context. It contributes to the literature by highlighting the direct detrimental effect of silence on extra-role behavior, while challenging the assumed mediating role of POS in this setting. The results underscore the need for healthcare managers to address fear-driven silence through psychological safety and trust-building interventions, rather than relying solely on support systems to foster OCB.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Driving Forces of Impulse Buying Behaviour: The Influence on Social Commerce among Youths of Chitwan
Social commerce integrates e-commerce and social media such as Facebook, Instagram and Tik Tok allowing users to browse, interact with, and buy products directly within this apps. With the upsurge of the social commerce, impulse buying behaviour-especially among youths has become a common issue. This behaviour often results in issues such as low quality products, unwanted purchases and falling victim to fraud. However, there has been limited research exploring the core emotional triggers, social media influence, ease of using social commerce platforms and promotional strategies factors driving such Behaviour in Chitwan. This study aims to examine the opinions and experiences of youths aging (18-40) years in Chitwan regarding social commerce purchases. It aims to add new insights into what drive impulse buying behaviour in Chitwan, addressing gaps in existing literature on buying behaviour factors. Quantitative approach was employed to collect data on youths’ attitudes and experiences about consumer buying behaviour. Primary data was collected through survey questions distributed among two hundred (N=222) participants. The results anticipates the clear association between the impulse buying behaviour and driving forces of Chitwan youths. The findings could be valuable to marketers, investors and future researchers for a deeper understanding of what influences youth impulse purchase in social commerce.
Exploring New Frontiers in Management Research
Publishing our Volume 2, Issue 1 of Valley State Research Review marks asignificant step in fostering high-quality research in management studies, healthmanagement, and social sciences. As the world rapidly changes, managementdisciplines evolve to meet the dynamic challenges of a globalized, digital economy. This issue encourages the exploration of emerging and trending global concepts, specifically their application to the Nepali context. From accounting’s evolving role in market efficiency to marketing’s intersection with emotional branding and impulse buying behavior, the articles within this issue contribute toa deeper understanding of the economic, social, and organizational landscapes. In this editorial, we highlight the possibilities in various management research domains, including accounting, finance, and marketing, aiming to offer scholars and practitioners fresh insights into contemporary challenges and opportunities within Nepal.
Prevalence of Sexual Harassment and its Association with Perceived Risk Factors among Undergraduate Girls in Bharatpur
Sexual harassment is any unwanted sexual behavior and is a serious problem in both social and school settings. In places like Bharatpur, many women do not report these incidents because of deep-rooted patriarchy, fear of being judged, and a lack of trust in their schools to help them. To study this issue, a cross-sectional quantitative research design was used. The researcher collected information from 124 female undergraduate students from three different colleges in Bharatpur. A printed questionnaire containing 35 questions with 7 different variables was physically distributed to students, which they filled out themselves using a Three-point Likert scale. The collected information was then entered into Excel and analyzed using SPSS software to identify patterns and relationships. The results showed that 26.6% of students definitely experienced sexual harassment, while 50% were "not sure", suggesting that many students may not clearly understand what counts as harassment or feel uncomfortable labeling their experiences. The biggest risk factors identified were a lack of awareness and the social stigma or blame that victims face from society. The study concludes that there is an urgent need for better education and stronger support systems. It is essential to focus on creating a safer environment in both social and academic settings to ensure that students can learn in a respectful and inclusive atmosphere without fear. The results are valuable for policymakers, educational institutions, researchers and local authorities, aiming to foster a respectful and inclusive academic atmosphere for students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Valley State Research Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Does Financial Literacy Empower Women? Empirical Evidence from Chitwan, Nepal
Financial literacy is generally recognized as a primary factor of women empowerment, especially in the developing economies where economic differences between the genders are still acute. This paper discusses the connection between financial literacy and women empowerment in Chitwan, Nepal focusing on the multidimensional concept of financial literacy. The research design adopted a quantitative research design, and the primary data was gathered by conducting a structured questionnaire to 385 women aged 18-45 years. Financial literacy was assessed on five dimensions namely financial knowledge, financial skills, financial behavior, financial attitude, and financial awareness, with women empowerment as the dependent variable. The SPSS was used to compute descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression with age and education being used as moderate variables. The results show that financial behavior, financial attitude, and financial awareness were positively and statistically significantly related to women empowerment, emphasizing the significance of the practice and the informed financial decision-making process. Financial knowledge and financial skills on the other hand positively but negatively correlate, indicating a lack of correlation between their theoretical and practical aspects. Besides, age and education have positive moderating effects between financial literacy and empowerment of women. The research not only provides the empirical evidence of circumstances in a semi-urban South Asian setting but also highlights the necessity of creating financial education programs, which should focus more on behavioral and attitudinal change as well as on knowledge improvement to enable women to become empowered in the long-term.
Impact of Microfinance Services on Women’s Entrepreneurship Development: Evidence from Pokhara Metropolitan City
This study aims to investigate the impact of microfinance services on the development of women’s entrepreneurship in Pokhara Metropolitan City. Microfinance provides economically marginalized women with essential financial and non-financial services such as microcredit, savings, advisory, and insurance services. Despite their wide availability, limited studies have explored how these services contribute to women entrepreneurship in Pokhara Metropolitan City. The study adopted a descriptive and causal-comparative research design using primary data collected through structured questionnaires from 217 valid responses using convenicence sampling design. The result revealed that there were high perceived benefits of savings, microcredit and advisory services in expanding business, profitability, financial stability, and women’s confidence whereas insurance services was not direct impact on entrepreneurship development in Pokhara City. The correlation analysis revealed that there was positive significant relationship among microfinance services and entrepreneurship development. Regression analysis showed that advisory, savings, and microcredit significantly impact on the entrepreneurship development. Furthermore, insurance services showed insignificant influence on entrepreneurship development. The study conclude that microfinance plays an important role in uplifting the women’s entrepreneurship government policies, subsidies, entrepreneurship training programs to further enhance women’s entrepreneurial development. Future research direction can be examining the mediating variable of financial literacy, innovation and digital financial literacy. In addition , qualitative research can be explored to understand why insurance services remain underutilized in microfinnce instituions.
Seasonal Tourism and Income Volatility: Evidence from the High-Altitude Trekking Corridor Annapurna Base Camp
In remote mountain regions tourism is widely promoted as a pathway of income growth, since it is strongly seasonal nature it may expose households to substantial income instability. Using primary survey data from 31 residential household and tourism enterprises, including census of hotels and lodges beyond Upper Sinuwa this paper examines the relationship between trekking tourism and household income volatility in Nepal’s Annapurna Base Camp (ABC) trekking corridor. The study analyzes income dynamics across different season like peak and off-peak seasons rather than focusing on annual average. Income volatility is measured by normalizing between peak-season and off-seasons earning. The results reveal a clear trade-off between income level and income stability. Households and enterprises with greater exposure to trekking tourism earn significantly higher peak-season incomes but experience pronounced seasonal income volatility. In contrast, household who are not only relied in tourism involvement earn lower income but they have more stable income flows throughout the year. Enterprises specialized in tourism in the upper corridor face the highest volatility, with income concentrated within a narrow seasonal window. Income diversification and access to savings mitigate, but do not eliminate, seasonal vulnerability, particularly in higher-altitude settlements with limited economic alternatives. These finding shows that tourism-led growth in high altitude regions reshapes household risk rather than simply increasing the welfare of resident and entrepreneur. For sustainable tourism-based development strategies in highly seasonal mountain economies it is essential to incorporating income stability alongside income growth.
Impact of emotional branding on customer purchasing decisions for Nepalese Shoe Brand in Nepal
Emotional branding can be described as a marketing process that aims at establishing emotional ties between brands and consumers rather than focusing on the functional aspects of products. The process aims to create positive emotions such as trust, love, pride, and a sense of identity among consumers, which is essential in influencing consumer behavior. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in emotional branding as a factor that influences decision-making among customers. The proposed research aims to investigate the concept of emotional branding in the Nepalese footwear market, where the focus of the existing branding practices is still on the price and quality of the product, without much consideration for the emotional aspect. The theoretical framework of the proposed research has identified the concept of emotional branding as a major construct that is impacted by five major dimensions: emotional bonding, brand storytelling, sensory experience, community and identity, and brand attachment. Emotional branding is expected to have an impact on the purchasing decisions of customers by building trust, loyalty, and preference for certain brands. A quantitative research approach was used in this study, and the data was collected using a survey method, where 412 respondents were used in the study through structured questionnaires. The results of this study show that there is a positive relationship between emotional branding and the purchasing decisions of customers.
Social Isolation in the Digital Age: A Study of Management Undergraduates in Chitwan
Social isolation refers to feelings of disconnection and limited meaningful social interactions. In today’s digital era, young adults increasingly rely on online platforms for communication and learning, which may influence their social well-being. This study examines social isolation among management undergraduate students and its relationship with digital behaviors, including social media use, digital communication preferences, online learning engagement, and screen time. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, and binary logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the influence of these digital behaviors on social isolation. The results indicate that screen time was a significant predictor of social isolation, with higher levels of screen exposure associated with an increased likelihood of social isolation. In contrast, social media use, digital communication preferences, and online learning engagement did not show a statistically significant association with social isolation. These findings highlight the potential risks of excessive screen time for students’ social well-being and underscore the importance of promoting balanced digital use alongside meaningful face-to-face interactions. The study offers valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and mental health practitioners seeking to foster social connectedness in increasingly digital learning environments.
Effectiveness of Financial Literacy on Investment Decisions among the Students in Chitwan
Financial Literacy is the knowledge of money management skills like budgeting and investing. Investment decision is the process of allocating financial resources to various assets or projects with the goal of generating future returns. This study explore how financial literacy affects investment decision with specific components, such as saving habits, spending habits, and understanding of financial products which influence investment decisions, especially among the students in chitwan. This study also understands that either make informed financial decisions or lead to the wrong decision on investment. This study adds new literature about the increased financial knowledge leads to smarter decision. This study further signifies the importance of saving habit, spending habit and understanding of financial product in investment behaviour. This study applied quantitative approach along with the connivance sampling method to understand the opinions and experience of students. The survey questionnaire is used as a research instrument to collect primary data from 212. The result shows saving habits showed a significant link with financial literacy (p = 0.002). However, other variables like spending habits (p = 0.706) and understanding of financial products (p = 0.968), are not significant with financial literacy. Essentially, while saving habits are important for financial literacy, spending habits and product understanding do not appear to have the same impact. This study would benefit to students, universities, banks and investors. The main aim was to determine if good money management leads to better investment choices and to determine which element of financial literacy is most influential.
Understanding Customer Knowledge and Satisfaction With Ncell Services in Chitwan, Nepal
Customer satisfaction indicates the level of customer happiness on the other hand, customer knowledge indicates awareness about product services and usage of the Company's offerings. The ultimate growth and development of cellular service providers like Ncell create challenges to achieve success by satisfying customers. This study aims to investigate customers' knowledge and satisfaction among Ncell users in Chitwan. This study is critical because it contributes to the literature on learning and satisfaction with Ncell services in Chitwan. The study employs descriptive research design by distributing survey questionnaires to two hundred and fifty- two selected through convenience sampling. The survey study was used to collect data because it helps us understand the views and ideas of customers. Descriptive statistics and binary logistics regression is used for data analysis. The findings show that customer knowledge is moderate to high, indicating customers are aware of the services. The study demonstrates that service quality is the most significant determinant of satisfaction, while higher levels of knowledge and expectations can reduce satisfaction if services fail to meet informed users’ standards. The study benefit Ncell, which can use these insights to enhance service delivery, educate customers about service features, and align performance with user expectations.
Effect of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction in Online Food Delivery Services in Bharatpur
This study investigates the effect of service quality on customer satisfaction in online food delivery (OFD) services in Bharatpur, Chitwan. It specifically examines how key service quality dimensions: tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy influence customer satisfaction. Employing a descriptive research design and a quantitative approach, data were collected from one hundred and eighteen respondents who were above eighteen years through an online survey distributed via social media platforms. Findings reveal that service quality dimensions significantly impact customer satisfaction, with notable emphasis on reliability and assurance. The study also highlights the growing importance of digital platforms and cloud kitchens in Nepal’s evolving digital economy, especially in the post-Covid-19 context. The results suggest that improving service quality in areas such as delivery reliability, staff professionalism, and technological integration can enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty. Future research could expand on these findings by exploring additional variables and employing mixed-method approaches for deeper insights.
A Study on Customer Satisfaction towards Big Mart Supermarket, Chitwan
This study examines customer satisfaction at Big Mart Supermarket in Bharatpur, Chitwan, with the goal of identifying key factors shaping consumer perceptions and experiences. Adopting a descriptive research design and convenience sampling, data were gathered from 123 respondents via a structured online questionnaire, utilizing a five-point Likert scale to measure attitudes. The research is anchored in Customer Satisfaction Theory, drawing on Expectation-Confirmation Theory and the SERVQUAL model to assess service quality and customer expectations. Findings indicate that while customers are generally satisfied with product quality, variety, and the overall shopping experience, concerns remain regarding pricing, promotional offers, and product freshness. Addressing these areas presents opportunities to enhance customer satisfaction, build loyalty, and expand the customer base. The respondent demographic is predominantly educated young adults aged 18–25, offering Big Mart valuable insights to refine its strategies and strengthen its market presence in Chitwan.
Factors Influencing the Intention to Adopt Pathao in Chitwan, Nepal
The rise of ride-sharing platforms has transformed urban mobility worldwide, offering convenience, affordability, and efficiency. This study explores the factors influencing the intention to adopt Pathao, a popular ride-sharing service, in Chitwan, Nepal. Utilizing the Technology Acceptance Model and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, this research examines key determinants such as perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, trust, pricing, service quality, and socio-cultural influences. A structured survey was conducted among one hundred five residents and frequent commuters in Chitwan, and the data were analyzed using statistical techniques, including regression analysis. The findings indicate that affordability, safety perceptions, and technological accessibility significantly impact user adoption. Additionally, trust in digital payment systems and the availability of reliable internet services play a crucial role in shaping consumer preferences. This study provides valuable insights for ride-sharing service providers and policymakers in enhancing market penetration and addressing consumer concerns to ensure sustainable urban mobility.
Customer Satisfaction on Mobile Services in Chitwan with Reference to NTC
This study explores the key determinants of customer satisfaction with mobile services in Chitwan, with a specific focus on Nepal Telecom (NTC). Based on the sample size one hundred and two, this research identifies several critical factors influencing customer satisfaction, including service quality, effectiveness of customer support, competitive pricing, and perceived value for money. Additionally, brand reputation, product differentiation, and accessibility of services were found to significantly impact user experiences. The study highlights that a strong brand image, user-friendly service processes, and consistent service delivery contribute to higher customer loyalty and satisfaction. The findings suggest that for NTC to remain competitive and maintain a satisfied customer base in Chitwan, it must prioritize service quality enhancements, responsive customer care, fair pricing strategies, and innovation in service offerings. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers and telecom service providers aiming to improve customer-centric strategies in the region.
Preferences of Undergraduate Students towards Abroad Studies in Bharatpur, Chitwan
This study explores the preferences of undergraduate students in Bharatpur, Chitwan, regarding higher education abroad, aiming to identify key factors influencing their decisions. Data were collected from one hundred and twenty six students aspiring to pursue international education through a structured online questionnaire disseminated via social media platforms such as Facebook and Instagram ,and correlational research design is applied. The twenty-item survey examined factors including economic considerations, career prospects, personal development, and global exposure. Descriptive statistics outlined respondents’ demographic profiles, while correlation and regression analyses assessed the relationships between influencing factors and students’ preferences. Reliability and validity tests confirmed the robustness of the instrument, with Cronbach’s alpha indicating strong internal consistency. The findings provide valuable insights into the motivations behind students’ aspirations for international education, highlighting the importance of informed career guidance and policy support. This study contributes to understanding the evolving educational aspirations of Nepali students in the context of globalization.
The Effect of Bank Interest Rates on Stock Market of Nepal
This study examines the impact of bank interest rates on stock market performance in Nepal, focusing on the NEPSE Index as the dependent variable. Key independent variables include the deposit rate, lending rate, and overall bank interest rate. Utilizing secondary data from 2003 to 2022, sourced from website of Nepal Rastra Bank’s Bank and Share Sansar, the study employs a descriptive research design alongside correlation and regression analyses to assess the relationships among variables. Findings reveal that deposit rates exert minimal influence on the stock market. The correlation between the NEPSE Index and the bank rate is weakly positive, indicating no significant association. However, the weighted average lending rate demonstrates a statistically significant negative impact on the NEPSE Index, suggesting that increases in lending rates tend to depress stock market performance. This inverse relationship implies that higher borrowing costs may deter investment and reduce overall market activity. These insights contribute to a nuanced understanding of macroeconomic dynamics and offer practical implications for policymakers, investors, and financial institutions aiming to interpret market movements in response to monetary policy shifts.
Factors Influencing the Adoption of Digital Payment among Retail Stores in Bharatpur
This study investigates the key factors influencing the adoption of digital payment systems among retail stores in Bharatpur, Nepal. Through a combination of correlation, regression, analyses, the research identifies business owners’ attitudes, technological infrastructure, cost considerations, and security concerns as critical determinants of digital payment adoption. The study is based on the field survey using structured questionnaire for two hundred and three small business owners. Among these, business owners’ attitudes emerged as the most influential factor, as evidenced by strong correlation values and statistically significant regression results (p <0.001). Also, security concerns (p < 0.001) and cost factors (p = 0.018) were also found to significantly affect adoption decisions. The findings underscore the importance of fostering a positive mindset toward digital payments, addressing security challenges, and offering cost-effective digital solutions. Encouraging digital payment adoption can help retail businesses improve operational efficiency, attract a broader customer base, and contribute to the broader development of Nepal’s digital economy.
A Study of Economic Growth in Relation to Education, Health and Political Stability in Selected Countries
Economic growth is a primary objective for nations worldwide, driven by various factors, including investments in education and health. Economists widely acknowledge the significance of these sectors as key contributors to economic progress. This study examines the relationship between economic growth and government expenditure on education and health across forty one randomly selected countries. Utilizing secondary data collection methods, the analysis employs diverse statistical techniques to explore the impact of these variables on economic growth. The findings indicate that health expenditure significantly influences economic growth, albeit with a negative impact. Conversely, government spending on education does not demonstrate a statistically significant effect on the economic growth of the sampled countries. These results provide insights into the differential roles of health and education investments in shaping economic trajectories and highlight the complexity of their interplay. This study contributes to the broader understanding of how resource allocation in critical sectors affects national economic performance.
Examining the Effect of HRM Practices on Nurses’ Job Satisfaction in Chitwan
This study investigates the impact of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices on job satisfaction among nurses, focusing on key HRM dimensions such as payroll management, work-life balance, training and development, and reward and recognition. Using a primary data collection method through structured questionnaires, the research analyzed responses from One hundred and one nurses in Chitwan. The findings revealed that HRM practice has a positive impact on job satisfaction among Nurses, showing that well-structured HRM strategies enhanced both the satisfaction levels of nurses and their overall Performance; were used by using Jamovi software The study highlights the critical role of Fair compensation, opportunities for continuous professional development, and robust Employee relations in fostering a supportive work environment. It also underscores the need for healthcare organizations to prioritize HRM practices tailored to address the specific Challenges faced by nurses. These insights provided valuable guidance for HR professionals and healthcare administrators seeking to enhance job satisfaction and organizational Performance, ultimately contributing to a more resilient and efficient healthcare system in Chitwan.
Review Article on Career Success, Collegiality, and the Attrition and Retention of New Teachers in the Teaching Profession
Quality teaching and higher-level student performance are both positive indicators of quality education worldwide. Conversely, new teachers and low student performance are both negative aspects of quality education. A significant gap remains between improved student performance and new teacher attrition in the profession. The primary objective of this study was to examine the literature of selected articles and summarize the key information to inform future primary research. The literature review served as the research methodology in this study, where thirty-five articles were selected based on the keywords “new teacher attrition, collegiality, mentorship, new teacher retention, teacher commitment, workplace support. Primary finding indicates that collegial support and positive workplace perceptions are pivotal to teacher retention. Robust support systems such as mentoring, career guidance, and professional networks foster early-career commitment and sustainability. In contrast, inadequate support, heavy workloads, and low job satisfaction drive attrition. Enhanced autonomy and professional mastery further bolster long-term retention. For teachers in challenging, particularly urban, contexts, resilience and a strong professional identity are essential. Early career support strengthens both effectiveness and retention, while limited proficiency in emerging classroom technologies can undermine motivation and contribute to early departure from the profession. Finally, a lack of skills in applying emerging technologies in classroom teaching activities can demotivate new teachers and push them to quit the profession. This study has significant implications for future educators, researchers, teachers, and advanced students, as it highlights the research gaps between the challenges faced by new teachers and the pursuit of high-quality education. Additionally, it serves as a valuable resource for reviewing literature on new teacher retention and attrition in educational institutions.
Congratulation on Publishing the First Volume of Valley State Research Review
We are pleased to introduce the inaugural volume of the Valley State Research Review, an annual, peer-reviewed publication dedicated to advancing management research. This journal reflects Valley State College’s commitment to cultivating a vibrant academic research culture and providing a platform for scholarly dialogue. Launched alongside the institution’s new Master of Business Administration (MBA) program, the journal marks a significant step in promoting rigorous inquiry into contemporary management issues. Focusing exclusively on management, the journal seeks to offer insights that are both theoretically sound and practically relevant, encouraging faculty and students to contribute to the global body of knowledge. We extend our sincere appreciation to the Research Management Cell of Valley State College for their pivotal role in realizing this initiative. As we present this first volume, we invite scholars, practitioners, and students to explore the research within, engage in meaningful discourse, and contribute to the evolving landscape of management scholarship.
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